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# Famous Philosophers

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- [William James](https://famous-philosophers.com/william-james/) - Born: Jan 11, 1842 in NYC, New York Died: Aug 26, 1910 (at age 68) in Tamworth, New Hampshire Nationality: American Fields: Pragmatism, Functional Psychology, Radical Empiricism Famous For: first educator to offer a course in Psychology in the U.S. William James was an American psychologist and philosopher. He had medical training and was responsible
- [Thomas Hobbes](https://famous-philosophers.com/thomas-hobbes/) - Born: Apr 5, 1588 in Westport near Malmesbury, Wiltshire, England Died: Dec 4, 1679 (at age 91) in Derbyshire, England Nationality: British Fields: Social contract, classical realism, empiricism, materialism, ethical egoism Famous For: Advocating the theory of social contract Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was a philosopher from England who is best known for his political philosophy
- [Thomas Aquinas](https://famous-philosophers.com/thomas-aquinas/) - Born: c. 1225 in Roccasecca, Kingdom of Sicily Died: Mar 7, 1274 in Fossanova, Papal States Nationality: Italian Fields: Priest, Philosopher, Theologian Famous For: he is a model teacher of the Catholic Church Thomas Aquinas was an Italian Dominican priest who was also a very influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism. Thomas
- [Parmenides](https://famous-philosophers.com/parmenides/) - Born: c. 515 / 540 BCE in Elea Nationality: Greek Fields: Ontology, metaphysics Famous For: founding the Eleatic school of philosophy Parmenides (c.515-450 BC) was a prominent philosopher in ancient Greece. He founded the Eleatic school, which was named after Elea, the southern Italian city of his birth. Little has survived of his writings with
- [Niccolò Machiavelli](https://famous-philosophers.com/niccolo-machiavelli/) - Born: May 3, 1469 in Florence, Republic of Florence Died: Jun 21, 1527 (at age 58) in Florence, Republic of Florence Nationality: Italian Fields: Renaissance humanism, political realism, classical republicanism Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian politician, historian, diplomat, humanist, writer and philosopher. For many years, he was an official in Florentine Republic where he had
- [Mozi](https://famous-philosophers.com/mozi/) - Born: c. 470 BC Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China Died: c. 391 BC Nationality: Chinese Fields: epistemology, logic, political & social philosophy, moral philosophy, ethics Famous For: founding Mohism Mozi (c.470-391 BC), also known as Mo-Tzu or Micius, was a philosopher who lived in China during the period of the Warring States. The philosophy he founded,
- [Ludwig Wittgenstein](https://famous-philosophers.com/ludwig-wittgenstein/) - Born: Apr 26, 1889 in Vienna, Austria Died: Apr 29, 1951 (at age 62) in Cambridge, England, UK Nationality: Austrian-British Fields: logic, metaphysics, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind, epistemology Famous For: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and Philosophical investigations Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) was an Australian philosopher who made important contributions to the foundations of
- [Leo Tolstoy](https://famous-philosophers.com/leo-tolstoy/) - Born: Sep 9, 1828 in Yasnaya Polyana, Russian Empire Died: Nov 10, 1910 (at age 82) in Astapovo, Russian Empire Nationality: Russian, French Fields: Writer, social reformer, moral thinker Famous For: His novels & short stories, his persona, and his ascetic and moralistic views Born on September 9, 1828, in the Russian Empire, Count Lev
- [John Stuart Mill](https://famous-philosophers.com/john-stuart-mill/) - Born: May 20, 1806 in Pentonville, London, England Died: May 8, 1873 (at age 66) in Avignon, France Nationality: British Fields: Empiricism, utilitarianism, liberalism John Stuart Mill was a British political economist, philosopher, and a civil worker. He is often referred to as the 19th century's most influential English-speaking philosopher. He was also a proponent
- [Jean-Paul Sartre](https://famous-philosophers.com/jean-paul-sartre/) - Born: Jun 21, 1905 in Paris, France Died: Apr 15, 1980 (at age 74) in Paris, France Nationality: French Fields: Continental philosophy, Existentialism, Phenomenology, Marxism, Hermeneutics, Anarchism Famous For: Key entity of existentialism, 20th century French philosophy, and Marxism Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) was one of the most influential of all the existentialist philosophers. An avowed
- [Henry David Thoreau](https://famous-philosophers.com/henry-david-thoreau/) - Born: Jul 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts, U.S. Died: May 6, 1862 (at age 44) in Concord, Massachusetts, U.S. Nationality: American Fields: Transcendentalism Famous For: Walden, or Life in The Woods Henry David Thoreau was an American poet, writer, naturalist and a philosopher. He was very famous for his works like Walden, or Life in
- [Hannah Arendt](https://famous-philosophers.com/hannah-arendt/) - Born: Oct 14, 1906 in Hanover, Germany Died: Dec 4, 1975 (at age 69) in New York City, New York, USA Nationality: American Fields: Political theory, modernity, philosophy of history Famous For: Theories of the nature of power, the subjects of politics, direct democracy, authority, and totalitarianism Hannah Arendt A German-American political theorist, Hannah Arendt
- [Friedrich Nietzsche](https://famous-philosophers.com/friedrich-nietzsche/) - Born: Oct 15, 1844 in Röcken-bei-Lützen, Kingdom of Prussia Died: Aug 25, 1900 (at age 55) in Weimar, Saxony, German Empire Nationality: German Fields: Weimar classicism Famous For: Writing critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, science, and philosophy Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was a German philosopher who was also highly active in the arts, writing
- [Erich Fromm](https://famous-philosophers.com/erich-fromm/) - Born: Mar 23, 1900 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany Died: Mar 18, 1980 (at age 79) in Muralto, Ticino, Switzerland Nationality: German Fields: Frankfurt School, critical theory, humanistic psychoanalysis, Humanistic Judaism Famous For: studying Humanism, social theory, and Marxism under the Frankfurt School Erich Fromm was born to two Orthodox Jewish parents on March 23,
- [Epicurus](https://famous-philosophers.com/epicurus/) - Born: Feb 4, 341 BC in Samos, Athens Died: 270 BC (at age 72) in Athens Nationality: Greek Fields: Epicureanism Famous For: Founding philosophy school of Epicureanism Epicurus (341-270 BC) was among the most significant of the ancient Greek philosophers and the founder of the Epicurean school which is named in his honor. Epicureanism taught
- [David Hume](https://famous-philosophers.com/david-hume/) - Born: May 7, 1711 in Edinburgh, Scotland, Great Britain Died: Aug 25, 1776 (at age 65) in Edinburgh, Scotland, Great Britain Nationality: Scottish Fields: Scottish Enlightenment, Naturalism, Scepticism, Empiricism, Utilitarianism, Classical liberalism The philosopher David Hume (1711-1776) has had a profound effect on critical thinking, modern psychology, and politics. While many philosophers are relegated to
- [Bertrand Russell](https://famous-philosophers.com/bertrand-russell/) - Born: May 18, 1872 in Trellech, Monmouthshire, UK Died: Feb 2, 1970 (at age 97) in Penrhyndeudraeth, Wales, UK Nationality: British Fields: Epistemology, ethics, logic, metaphysics, history of philosophy Famous For: Anti-war and anti-imperialism activism Bertrand Russell was a British mathematician, social critic, logician and philosopher. He helped lead the British Revolution against idealism in
- [Auguste Comte](https://famous-philosophers.com/auguste-comte/) - Born: Jan 19, 1798 in Montpellier, France Died: Sep 5, 1857 (at age 59) in Paris, France Nationality: French Fields: Positivism, law of three stages, encyclopedic law, altruism Famous For: Founder of positive philosophy, a discipline of study within sociology Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Xavier Comte was a famous French philosopher who founded the discipline
- [Aristotle](https://famous-philosophers.com/aristotle/) - Born: 384 BC in Stagira, Chalcidice Died: 322 BC (at age 61-62) in Euboea Nationality: Greek Fields: Peripatetic school, Aristotelianism Famous For: A founder of Western philosophy Though he lived more than two millennia ago, Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) is still considered one of the most influential philosophers of the West. His writings
- [Albert Schweitzer](https://famous-philosophers.com/albert-schweitzer/) - Born: Jan 14, 1875 in Kaysersberg, Alsace-Lorraine, Germany (now Haut-Rhin, France) Died: Sep 4, 1965 (at age 90) in Lambaréné, Gabon Nationality: German, French Fields: Medicine, music, philosophy, theology Famous For: His interpretive works on the life of Jesus Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) was a German-born philosopher, theologian, physician, musician, and missionary in Africa. He is
- [Albert Camus](https://famous-philosophers.com/albert-camus/) - Born: Nov 7, 1913 in Dréan, El Taref, French Algeria Died: Jan 4, 1960 (at age 46) in Villeblevin, Yonne, Burgundy, France Nationality: French-Algerian Fields: Absurdism Famous For: Contributed to the rise absurdism Born on November 7, 1913, in a small coastal town formerly known as Mondovi (now Drean) in French Algeria, Albert Camus was
- [Adam Smith](https://famous-philosophers.com/adam-smith/) - Born: Jun 5, 1723 in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland Died: Jul 17, 1790 (at age 67) in Edinburgh, Scotland Nationality: Scottish Fields: Classical economics Adam Smith was a moral philosopher from Scotland a political economy pioneer. He was one of the key people of the Scottish Enlightenment and is best known for his two classic works
- [Blaise Pascal](https://famous-philosophers.com/blaise-pascal/) - Born: June 19, 1623 in Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France Died: Aug 19, 1662 (at age 39) in Paris, France Nationality: French Fields: Jansenism, proto-existenialism Born on June 19, 1623, in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne region of France, Blaise Pascal was a prominent French writer, Christian philosopher, physicist and mathematician. He is regarded as one of the
- [René Descartes](https://famous-philosophers.com/rene-descartes/) - Born: Mar 31, 1596 in La Haye en Touraine, Kingdom of France Died: Feb 11, 1650 (at age 53) in Stockholm, Swedish Empire Nationality: French Fields: Metaphysics, Epistemology, Mathetics Famous For: contributed to the Scientific Revolution René Descartes (1596-1650) was a French polymath who is particularly known for his work on mathematics and philosophy. He
- [John Locke](https://famous-philosophers.com/john-locke/) - Born: Aug 29, 1632 in Wrington, Somerset, England Died: Oct 28, 1704 (at age 72) in Essex, England Nationality: English Fields: Metaphysics, epistemology, political philosophy, philosophy of mind Famous For: rights of life, liberty, & property, "government with the consent of the governed," state of nature John Locke (1632-1704) was an English philosopher of the
- [Plato](https://famous-philosophers.com/plato/) - Born: c. 428-427 B.C. in Athens Died: c. 348-347 (at age 80) in Athens Nationality: Greek Fields: Western philosophy Plato was an ancient philosopher from Athens, Greece. As a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle, he was able to lay the foundation for what we now know as modern day philosophy teachings. In
- [Gottfried Leibniz](https://famous-philosophers.com/gottfried-leibniz/) - Born: Jul 1, 1646 in Leipzig, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire Died: Nov 14, 1716 (at age 70) in Hanover, Electorate of Hanover, Holy Roman Empire Nationality: German Fields: Mathematics, metaphysics, logic Famous For: Established mathematician & philosophy Born on July 1, 1646, in Leipzig, Electorate of Saxony, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz was a
- [Socrates](https://famous-philosophers.com/socrates/) - Born: c. 469 / 470 BC in Deme Alopece, Athens Died: 399 BC (at age 71) in Athens Nationality: Greek Fields: Epistemology, ethics Famous For: Founded Western philosophy Socrates (c.469-399 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher from Athens. He is generally acknowledged as one of the pioneers of Western philosophy. Little is known directly of
- [Simone de Beauvoir](https://famous-philosophers.com/simone-de-beauvoir/) - Born: Jan 9, 1908 in Paris, France Died: Apr 14, (at age 78) in Paris, France Nationality: French Fields: Writing, existentialism, feminism, social theory Famous For: Her novels, She Came to Stay, and The Mandarins Author and philosopher Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) combined several important and varied philosophical ideals to develop her own school of
- [Voltaire](https://famous-philosophers.com/voltaire/) - Born: Nov 21, 1694 in Paris, France Died: May 30, 1778 (at age 83) in Paris, France Nationality: French Fields: Writer, historian, philosopher Famous For: Advocating freedom of religion, expression, and separation of church & state Voltaire was a French philosopher and historian. His birth name was François-Marie Arouet and he is considered to be
- [Saint Augustine of Hippo](https://famous-philosophers.com/saint-augustine-of-hippo/) - Born: Nov 13, 354 in Thagaste, Numidia (now Souk Ahras, Algeria) Died: Aug 28, 430 (at age 75) in Hippo Regius, Numidia (now modern-day Annaba, Algeria) Nationality: Latin Fields: Christian theology Famous For: Bishop of Hippo Regius Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430), a Christian theologian, is ranked first among the early fathers of the church.
- [Origen](https://famous-philosophers.com/origen/) - Born: 184 or 185 in Probably Alexandria, Egypt Died: 253 or 254 in Probably Tyre, Lebanon Nationality: Egyptian Fields: Christian mysticism Famous For: Theology writer of Christian topics Origen (c.185-253) was an early Christian philosopher and writer who believed that all knowledge flowed from God and the highest expression of that knowledge is found in
- [Michel Foucault](https://famous-philosophers.com/michel-foucault/) - Born: Oct 15, 1926 in Poitiers, France Died: Jun 25, 1984 (at age 57) in Paris, France Nationality: French Fields: Continental philosophy, post-structuralism Famous For: His histories of ideas and critical studies of institutions Michel Foucault (1926-1984) was a French philosopher who wrote extensively on the subject of power, including the way in which it
- [Mary Wollstonecraft](https://famous-philosophers.com/mary-wollstonecraft/) - Born: Apr 27, 1759 in Spitalfields, London Died: Sep 10, 1797 (at age 38) Nationality: British Fields: Writer, philosopher Famous For: Advocating women's rights and writing novels The Anglo-Irish feminist, Mary Wollstonecraft (1759- 1797) was considered one of the most significant female thinkers and writers or her time. She had a troubled personal life and
- [Karl Marx](https://famous-philosophers.com/karl-marx/) - Born: May 5, 1818 in Trier, Kingdom of Prussia, German Confederation Died: Mar 14, 1883 (at age 64) in London, United Kingdom Nationality: German Fields: Philosophy, Economics, Sociology, history, journalism Famous For: Theories of capitalism and economics Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher, economist, and a revolutionist. His writings form the main basis of
- [Jean-Jacques Rousseau](https://famous-philosophers.com/jean-jacques-rousseau/) - Born: Jun 28, 1712 in Geneva, Republic of Geneva Died: Jul 2, 1778 (at age 66) in Ermenonville, France Nationality: French Fields: Social contract theory, Romanticism Famous For: his political ideas influenced the French Revolution Born on June 28th, 1712, at 40 Grand-Rue in Geneva, Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a prominent philosopher, author, and music composer
- [John Dewey](https://famous-philosophers.com/john-dewey/) - Born: Oct 20, 1859 in Burlington, Vermont Died: Jun 1, 1952 (at age 92) in New York Nationality: English Fields: Pragmatism Famous For: His ideas, which have influenced education and social reform John Dewey (1859-1952), the founder of the philosophical movement "pragmatism," was one of America’s most renowned teachers. He has also made some controversial
- [Immanuel Kant](https://famous-philosophers.com/immanuel-kant/) - Born: Apr 22, 1724 in Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia Died: Feb 12, 1804 (at age 79) in Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia Nationality: German Fields: Epistemology, metaphysics, ethics Famous For: Developed ideas that have influenced contemporary thought Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a philosopher from Germany. He is often referred to as the paradigmatic philosopher in the
- [Francis Bacon](https://famous-philosophers.com/francis-bacon/) - Born: Jan 22, 1561 in Strand, London, England Died: Apr 9, 1626 (at age 65) in Highgate, London, England Nationality: English Fields: Renaissance Philosophy, Empiricism Famous For: Advocate of the scientific method during the scientific revolution Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was an English philosopher, essayist, and statesman. He is famous for being an advocate and a
- [Emma Goldman](https://famous-philosophers.com/emma-goldman/) - Born: June 27, 1869 in Kovno, Russian Empire Died: May 14, 1940 (at age 70) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada Nationality: British, American Fields: Wrtier, political activist Famous For: Advocating anarchist political philosophy in America and Europe Emma Goldman was a well-known anarchist, rebel, feminist, and an ardent proponent of free speech and birth control. She
- [C. S. Lewis](https://famous-philosophers.com/c-s-lewis/) - Born: Nov 29, 1898 in Belfast, Ireland Died: Nov 22, 1963 (at age 64) in Oxford, England Nationality: British Occupation: Writer, scholar, broadcaster Famous For: Writing The Chronicles of Narnia C. S. Lewis (1898-1963) was born as Clive Staple Lewis, but was often called "Jack" by his family and close friends. Lewis was born in
- [Confucius](https://famous-philosophers.com/confucius/) - Born: 551 BC in Zou, Lu state Died: 479 BC (at age 71-72) in Lu State Nationality: Chinese Fields: Moral philosophy, social philosophy, ethics Famous For: Principles of Chinese tradition and belief Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC) was one of the great wise men of China. His goal was to help men develop a
- [Thomas Paine](https://famous-philosophers.com/thomas-paine/) - Born: Jan 29, 1737 in Thetford, Norfolk, Great Britain Died: Jun 8, 1809 (at age 72) in New York City, New York Nationality: English-American Fields: Enlightenment, Liberalism, Radicalism, Republicanism Famous For: His ideas influenced the American Revolution through the use of pamphlets Thomas Paine was born in 1737 at Thetford located in Norfolk, England. He
- [Soren Kierkegaard](https://famous-philosophers.com/soren-kierkegaard/) - Born: May 8, 1813 in Copenhagen, Denmark Died: Nov 11, 1855 (at age 42) in Copenhagen, Denmark Nationality: Danish Fields: Christianity, metaphysics, epistemology, aesthetics, ethics, psycholoogy, philosophy Famous For: ideas in philosophy, theology, and Western culture Soren Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher and an author. He was born in 1813 in Copenhagen as the youngest
- [Avicenna](https://famous-philosophers.com/avicenna/) - Born: c. 980 in Afshana near Bukhara (capital of the Samanid Empire), in present-day Uzbekistan Died: June 1037 (at age 56-57) in Hamadan, Persia Nationality: Persian Fields: Medicine, philosophy, logic, Islamic theology, physics, poetry, science Famous For: writing nearly 450 treatises on many subjects Avicenna, also known as Ibn-Sina, was not only a philosopher, but
- [John Calvin](https://famous-philosophers.com/john-calvin/) - Born: Jul 10, 1509 in Noyon, Picardy, France Died: May 27, 1564 (at age 54) in Geneva, Switzerland Nationality: French Fields: Pastor, author, theologian Famous For: His writings and teachings which became the roots of Calvinism, a branch of theology John Calvin was a French theologian and a pastor during the time of the Protestant

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